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A Brief History of Jainism |
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Jainism is the religion professed by the Jains, so called because they follow the path practiced and preached by the Jinas. The term is an English rendering of the original Jaina-dharma or Jina -dharma. German Jainologists, like, Leumann, Winternitz and Schubring, prefer the form Jainsmus or Jinism, which they consider to be the etymologically correct rendering. Both the forms are, however, correct, Jainism meaning the religion of the Jains and Jinism that of the Jina, although the former is more popular and in current use both in literature and common parlance. |
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Jain Icons, Caves and Temples |
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Jainism is an independent and one of the oldest living religions of the world. According to Jainism, in the internal time span there have been cycles of 24 Tirthankars in every Avasarpani and Utsarpani division of time. The present cycle of 24 Trithankars started with the first Tirthankar Rishabhadev. It ended with the 24th Tirthankar Bhagwan Mahavir. |
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We shall find ourselves this morning in a very different atmosphere from that in which we were yesterday, and in which we shall be tomorrow. We shall not now have around us the atmosphere of romance, of chivalry, that we find both in the faith of Islam and in that of the Sikhs. On the contrary we shall be in a calm, philosophic, quiet atmosphere. We shall find ourselves considering the problems of human existence looked at with the eye of the philosopher, of the metaphysician, and on the other hand the question of conduct will take up a large part of our thought; how man should live: what is his relation to the lower creatures around him; how he should so guide his life, his actions, that he may not injure, that he may not destroy. One might almost sum up the atmosphere of Jainism in one phrase, that we find in the Sutra Kritãnga, [iii, 20] that man by injuring no living creature reaches the Nirvana which is peace. That is a phrase that seems to carry with it the whole thought of the Jaina: peace - peace between man and man, peace between man and animal, peace everywhere and in all things, a perfect brotherhood of all that lives. Such is the ideal of the Jaina, such is the thought that he endeavors to realize upon earth. |
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Object Oriented Programming in PHP - Copying and Cloning |
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When you create an object $obj you can copy the object by doing $obj2=$obj, the new object is a copy (not a reference) of $obj so it has the state $obj had in the moment the assignment was made. Sometimes you don't want this you just want to create a new object of the same class as obj, calling the constructor of the new object as if you had used the new statement. |
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Object Oriented Programming in PHP - OOP Programming in PHP |
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Some "purists" will say PHP is not truly an object oriented language, which is true. PHP is a hybrid language where you can use OOP and traditional procedural programming. |
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